| Tahun | Fisika | Kimia | Fisiologi dan Kedokteran | Sastra | Perdamaian | Ekonomi |
|---|
| 1901 | Wilhelm Röntgen | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | Emil Adolf von Behring | Sully Prudhomme | Henry Dunant;
Frédéric Passy | — |
| 1902 | Hendrik Lorentz;
Pieter Zeeman | Hermann Emil Fischer | Ronald Ross | Theodor Mommsen | Élie Ducommun;
Charles Albert Gobat | — |
| 1903 | Henri Becquerel;
Pierre Curie;
Marie Curie | Svante Arrhenius | Niels Ryberg Finsen | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson | Randal Cremer | — |
| 1904 | The Lord Rayleigh | William Ramsay | Ivan Pavlov | Frédéric Mistral;
José Echegaray | Institut de Droit International | — |
| 1905 | Philipp Lenard | Adolf von Baeyer | Robert Koch | Henryk Sienkiewicz | Bertha von Suttner | — |
| 1906 | J. J. Thomson | Henri Moissan | Camillo Golgi;
Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Giosuè Carducci | Theodore Roosevelt | — |
| 1907 | Albert Abraham Michelson | Eduard Buchner | Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran | Rudyard Kipling | Ernesto Teodoro Moneta;
Louis Renault | — |
| 1908 | Gabriel Lippmann | Ernest Rutherford | Élie Metchnikoff;
Paul Ehrlich | Rudolf Christoph Eucken | Klas Pontus Arnoldson;
Fredrik Bajer | — |
| 1909 | Karl Ferdinand Braun;
Guglielmo Marconi | Wilhelm Ostwald | Emil Theodor Kocher | Selma Lagerlöf | Auguste Marie François Beernaert;
Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant | — |
| 1910 | Johannes Diderik van der Waals | Otto Wallach | Albrecht Kossel | Paul Heyse | International Peace Bureau | — |
| 1911 | Wilhelm Wien | Marie Curie | Allvar Gullstrand | Maurice Maeterlinck | Tobias Asser;
Alfred Hermann Fried | — |
| 1912 | Gustaf Dalén | Victor Grignard;
Paul Sabatier | Alexis Carrel | Gerhart Hauptmann | Elihu Root | — |
| 1913 | Heike Kamerlingh Onnes | Alfred Werner | Charles Richet | Rabindranath Tagore | Henri La Fontaine | — |
| 1914 | Max von Laue | Theodore William Richards | Robert Bárány | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
| 1915 | William Henry Bragg;
William Lawrence Bragg | Richard Willstätter | Tidak ada | Romain Rolland | Tidak ada | — |
| 1916 | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Verner von Heidenstam | Tidak ada | — |
| 1917 | Charles Glover Barkla | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Karl Adolph Gjellerup;
Henrik Pontoppidan | Palang Merah Internasional | — |
| 1918 | Max Planck | Fritz Haber | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
| 1919 | Johannes Stark | Tidak ada | Jules Bordet | Carl Spitteler | Woodrow Wilson | — |
| 1920 | Charles Édouard Guillaume | Walther Nernst | August Krogh | Knut Hamsun | Léon Bourgeois | — |
| 1921 | Albert Einstein | Frederick Soddy | Tidak ada | Anatole France | Hjalmar Branting;
Christian Lous Lange | — |
| 1922 | Niels Bohr | Francis William Aston | Archibald Hill;
Otto Fritz Meyerhof | Jacinto Benavente | Fridtjof Nansen | — |
| 1923 | Robert Andrews Millikan | Fritz Pregl | Frederick Banting;
John James Richard Macleod | W. B. Yeats | Tidak ada | — |
| 1924 | Manne Siegbahn | Tidak ada | Willem Einthoven | Władysław Reymont | Tidak ada | — |
| 1925 | James Franck;
Gustav Ludwig Hertz | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | Tidak ada | George Bernard Shaw | Austen Chamberlain;
Charles G. Dawes | — |
| 1926 | Jean Baptiste Perrin | Theodor Svedberg | Johannes Fibiger | Grazia Deledda | Aristide Briand;
Gustav Stresemann | — |
| 1927 | Arthur Compton;
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson | Heinrich Otto Wieland | Julius Wagner-Jauregg | Henri Bergson | Ferdinand Buisson;
Ludwig Quidde | — |
| 1928 | Owen Willans Richardson | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | Charles Nicolle | Sigrid Undset | Tidak ada | — |
| 1929 | Louis de Broglie | Arthur Harden;
Hans von Euler-Chelpin | Christiaan Eijkman;
Frederick Gowland Hopkins | Thomas Mann | Frank B. Kellogg | — |
| 1930 | C. V. Raman | Hans Fischer | Karl Landsteiner | Sinclair Lewis | Nathan Söderblom | — |
| 1931 | Tidak ada | Carl Bosch;
Friedrich Bergius | Otto Heinrich Warburg | Erik Axel Karlfeldt | Jane Addams;
Nicholas Murray Butler | — |
| 1932 | Werner Heisenberg | Irving Langmuir | Charles Scott Sherrington;
Edgar Adrian | John Galsworthy | Tidak ada | — |
| 1933 | Erwin Schrödinger;
Paul Dirac | Tidak ada | Thomas Hunt Morgan | Ivan Bunin | Norman Angell | — |
| 1934 | Tidak ada | Harold Urey | George Whipple;
George Minot;
William P. Murphy | Luigi Pirandello | Arthur Henderson | — |
| 1935 | James Chadwick | Frédéric Joliot-Curie;
Irène Joliot-Curie | Hans Spemann | Tidak ada | Carl von Ossietzky | — |
| 1936 | Victor Francis Hess;
Carl David Anderson | Peter Debye | Henry Hallett Dale;
Otto Loewi | Eugene O'Neill | Carlos Saavedra Lamas | — |
| 1937 | Clinton Davisson;
George Paget Thomson | Norman Haworth;
Paul Karrer | Albert Szent-Györgyi | Roger Martin du Gard | The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood | — |
| 1938 | Enrico Fermi | Richard Kuhn[A] | Corneille Heymans | Pearl S. Buck | Nansen International Office For Refugees | — |
| 1939 | Ernest Lawrence | Adolf Butenandt;[A]
Leopold Ruzicka | Gerhard Domagk[A] | Frans Eemil Sillanpää | Tidak ada | — |
| 1940 | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
| 1941 | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
| 1942 | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
| 1943 | Otto Stern | George de Hevesy | Henrik Dam;
Edward Adelbert Doisy | Tidak ada | Tidak ada | — |
| 1944 | Isidor Isaac Rabi | Otto Hahn | Joseph Erlanger;
Herbert Spencer Gasser | Johannes Vilhelm Jensen | Komite Internasional Palang Merah | — |
| 1945 | Wolfgang Pauli | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Alexander Fleming;
Ernst Boris Chain;
Howard Florey | Gabriela Mistral | Cordell Hull | — |
| 1946 | Percy Williams Bridgman | James B. Sumner;
John Howard Northrop;
Wendell Meredith Stanley | Hermann Joseph Muller | Hermann Hesse | Emily Greene Balch;
John Mott | — |
| 1947 | Edward Victor Appleton | Robert Robinson | Carl Ferdinand Cori;
Gerty Cori;
Bernardo Houssay | André Gide | Friends Service Council;
American Friends Service Committee | — |
| 1948 | Patrick Blackett | Arne Tiselius | Paul Hermann Müller | T. S. Eliot | Tidak ada[B] | — |
| 1949 | Hideki Yukawa | William Giauque | Walter Rudolf Hess;
António Egas Moniz | William Faulkner | John Boyd Orr | — |
| 1950 | Cecil Frank Powell | Otto Diels;
Kurt Alder | Philip Showalter Hench;
Edward Calvin Kendall;
Tadeus Reichstein | The Earl Russell | Ralph Bunche | — |
| 1951 | John Cockcroft;
Ernest Walton | Edwin McMillan;
Glenn T. Seaborg | Max Theiler | Pär Lagerkvist | Léon Jouhaux | — |
| 1952 | Felix Bloch;
Edward Mills Purcell | Archer John Porter Martin;
Richard Laurence Millington Synge | Selman Waksman | François Mauriac | Albert Schweitzer | — |
| 1953 | Frits Zernike | Hermann Staudinger | Hans Adolf Krebs;
Fritz Albert Lipmann | Winston Churchill | George Marshall | — |
| 1954 | Max Born;
Walther Bothe | Linus Pauling | John Franklin Enders;
Frederick Chapman Robbins;
Thomas Huckle Weller | Ernest Hemingway | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | — |
| 1955 | Willis Lamb;
Polykarp Kusch | Vincent du Vigneaud | Hugo Theorell | Halldór Laxness | Tidak ada | — |
| 1956 | John Bardeen;
Walter Houser Brattain;
William Shockley | Cyril Norman Hinshelwood;
Nikolay Semyonov | André Frédéric Cournand;
Werner Forssmann;
Dickinson W. Richards | Juan Ramón Jiménez | Tidak ada | — |
| 1957 | Chen Ning Yang;
Tsung-Dao Lee | The Lord Todd | Daniel Bovet | Albert Camus | Lester B. Pearson | — |
| 1958 | Pavel Cherenkov;
Ilya Frank;
Igor Tamm | Frederick Sanger | George Wells Beadle;
Edward Lawrie Tatum;
Joshua Lederberg | Boris Pasternak[C] | Dominique Pire | — |
| 1959 | Emilio G. Segrè;
Owen Chamberlain | Jaroslav Heyrovský | Arthur Kornberg;
Severo Ochoa | Salvatore Quasimodo | Philip Noel-Baker | — |
| 1960 | Donald A. Glaser | Willard Libby | Frank Macfarlane Burnet;
Peter Medawar | Saint-John Perse | Albert Lutuli | — |
| 1961 | Robert Hofstadter;
Rudolf Mössbauer | Melvin Calvin | Georg von Békésy | Ivo Andrić | Dag Hammarskjöld | — |
| 1962 | Lev Landau | Max Perutz;
John Kendrew | Francis Crick;
James D. Watson;
Maurice Wilkins | John Steinbeck | Linus Pauling | — |
| 1963 | Eugene Wigner;
Maria Goeppert-Mayer;
J. Hans D. Jensen | Karl Ziegler;
Giulio Natta | John Eccles;
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin;
Andrew Huxley | Giorgos Seferis | Komite Internasional Palang Merah;
Gerakan Internasional Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah | — |
| 1964 | Charles Hard Townes;
Nikolay Basov;
Alexander Prokhorov | Dorothy Hodgkin | Konrad Emil Bloch;
Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen | Jean-Paul Sartre[D] | Martin Luther King, Jr. | — |
| 1965 | Sin-Itiro Tomonaga;
Julian Schwinger;
Richard Feynman | Robert Burns Woodward | François Jacob;
André Michel Lwoff;
Jacques Monod | Mikhail Sholokhov | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) | — |
| 1966 | Alfred Kastler | Robert S. Mulliken | Francis Peyton Rous;
Charles Brenton Huggins | Shmuel Yosef Agnon;
Nelly Sachs | Tidak ada | — |
| 1967 | Hans Bethe | Manfred Eigen;
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish;
George Porter | Ragnar Granit;
Haldan Keffer Hartline;
George Wald | Miguel Ángel Asturias | Tidak ada | — |
| 1968 | Luis Walter Alvarez | Lars Onsager | Robert W. Holley;
Har Gobind Khorana;
Marshall Warren Nirenberg | Yasunari Kawabata | René Cassin | — |
| 1969 | Murray Gell-Mann | Derek Barton;
Odd Hassel | Max Delbrück;
Alfred Hershey;
Salvador Luria | Samuel Beckett | International Labour Organization | Ragnar Frisch;
Jan Tinbergen |
| 1970 | Hannes Alfvén;
Louis Néel | Luis Federico Leloir | Julius Axelrod;
Ulf von Euler;
Bernard Katz | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Norman Borlaug | Paul Samuelson |
| 1971 | Dennis Gabor | Gerhard Herzberg | Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. | Pablo Neruda | Willy Brandt | Simon Kuznets |
| 1972 | John Bardeen;
Leon Cooper;
John Robert Schrieffer | Christian B. Anfinsen;
Stanford Moore;
William Howard Stein | Gerald Edelman;
Rodney Robert Porter | Heinrich Böll | Tidak ada | John Hicks;
Kenneth Arrow |
| 1973 | Leo Esaki;
Ivar Giaever;
Brian David Josephson | Ernst Otto Fischer;
Geoffrey Wilkinson | Karl von Frisch;
Konrad Lorenz;
Nikolaas Tinbergen | Patrick White | Henry Kissinger;
Le Duc Tho[E] | Wassily Leontief |
| 1974 | Martin Ryle;
Antony Hewish | Paul Flory | Albert Claude;
Christian de Duve;
George Emil Palade | Eyvind Johnson;
Harry Martinson | Seán MacBride;
Eisaku Satō | Gunnar Myrdal;
Friedrich Hayek |
| 1975 | Aage Bohr;
Ben Roy Mottelson;
James Rainwater | John Cornforth;
Vladimir Prelog | David Baltimore;
Renato Dulbecco;
Howard Martin Temin | Eugenio Montale | Andrei Sakharov | Leonid Kantorovich;
Tjalling Koopmans |
| 1976 | Burton Richter;
Samuel C. C. Ting | William Lipscomb | Baruch Samuel Blumberg;
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek | Saul Bellow | Betty Williams;
Mairead Maguire | Milton Friedman |
| 1977 | Philip Warren Anderson;
Nevill Francis Mott;
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck | Ilya Prigogine | Roger Guillemin;
Andrew Schally;
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow | Vicente Aleixandre | Amnesty International | Bertil Ohlin;
James Meade |
| 1978 | Pyotr Kapitsa;
Arno Allan Penzias;
Robert Woodrow Wilson | Peter D. Mitchell | Werner Arber;
Daniel Nathans;
Hamilton O. Smith | Isaac Bashevis Singer | Anwar Sadat;
Menachem Begin | Herbert A. Simon |
| 1979 | Sheldon Lee Glashow;
Abdus Salam;
Steven Weinberg | Herbert C. Brown;
Georg Wittig | Allan McLeod Cormack;
Godfrey Hounsfield | Odysseas Elytis | Mother Teresa | Theodore Schultz;
Arthur Lewis |
| 1980 | James Cronin;
Val Logsdon Fitch | Paul Berg;
Walter Gilbert;
Frederick Sanger | Baruj Benacerraf;
Jean Dausset;
George Davis Snell | Czesław Miłosz | Adolfo Pérez Esquivel | Lawrence Klein |
| 1981 | Nicolaas Bloembergen;
Arthur Leonard Schawlow;
Kai Siegbahn | Kenichi Fukui;
Roald Hoffmann | Roger Wolcott Sperry;
David H. Hubel;
Torsten Wiesel | Elias Canetti | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | James Tobin |
| 1982 | Kenneth G. Wilson | Aaron Klug | Sune Bergström;
Bengt I. Samuelsson;
John Vane | Gabriel García Márquez | Alva Myrdal;
Alfonso García Robles | George Stigler |
| 1983 | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar;
William Alfred Fowler | Henry Taube | Barbara McClintock | William Golding | Lech Wałęsa | Gérard Debreu |
| 1984 | Carlo Rubbia;
Simon van der Meer | Robert Bruce Merrifield | Niels Kaj Jerne;
Georges J. F. Köhler;
César Milstein | Jaroslav Seifert | Desmond Tutu | Richard Stone |
| 1985 | Klaus von Klitzing | Herbert A. Hauptman;
Jerome Karle | Michael Stuart Brown;
Joseph L. Goldstein | Claude Simon | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | Franco Modigliani |
| 1986 | Ernst Ruska;
Gerd Binnig;
Heinrich Rohrer | Dudley R. Herschbach;
Yuan T. Lee;
John Polanyi | Stanley Cohen;
Rita Levi-Montalcini | Wole Soyinka | Elie Wiesel | James M. Buchanan |
| 1987 | Johannes Georg Bednorz;
Karl Alexander Müller | Donald J. Cram;
Jean-Marie Lehn;
Charles J. Pedersen | Susumu Tonegawa | Joseph Brodsky | Óscar Arias | Robert Solow |
| 1988 | Leon M. Lederman;
Melvin Schwartz;
Jack Steinberger | Johann Deisenhofer;
Robert Huber;
Hartmut Michel | James W. Black;
Gertrude B. Elion;
George H. Hitchings | Naguib Mahfouz | Pasukan pemelihara perdamaian | Maurice Allais |
| 1989 | Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.;
Hans Georg Dehmelt;
Wolfgang Paul | Sidney Altman;
Thomas Cech | J. Michael Bishop;
Harold E. Varmus | Camilo José Cela | Dalai Lama | Trygve Haavelmo |
| 1990 | Jerome Isaac Friedman;
Henry Way Kendall;
Richard E. Taylor | Elias James Corey | Joseph Murray;
E. Donnall Thomas | Octavio Paz | Mikhail Gorbachev | Harry Markowitz;
Merton Miller;
William Forsyth Sharpe |
| 1991 | Pierre-Gilles de Gennes | Richard R. Ernst | Erwin Neher;
Bert Sakmann | Nadine Gordimer | Aung San Suu Kyi | Ronald Coase |
| 1992 | Georges Charpak | Rudolph A. Marcus | Edmond H. Fischer;
Edwin G. Krebs | Derek Walcott | Rigoberta Menchú | Gary Becker |
| 1993 | Russell Alan Hulse;
Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. | Kary Mullis;
Michael Smith | Richard J. Roberts;
Phillip Allen Sharp | Toni Morrison | Nelson Mandela;
F. W. de Klerk | Robert Fogel;
Douglass North |
| 1994 | Bertram Brockhouse;
Clifford Shull | George Andrew Olah | Alfred G. Gilman;
Martin Rodbell | Kenzaburō Ōe | Yasser Arafat;
Shimon Peres;
Yitzhak Rabin | John Harsanyi;
John Forbes Nash, Jr.;
Reinhard Selten |
| 1995 | Martin Lewis Perl;
Frederick Reines | Paul J. Crutzen;
Mario J. Molina;
Frank Sherwood Rowland | Edward B. Lewis;
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard;
Eric F. Wieschaus | Seamus Heaney | Joseph Rotblat;
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs | Robert Lucas, Jr. |
| 1996 | David Morris Lee;
Douglas Osheroff;
Robert Coleman Richardson | Robert F. Curl Jr.;
Harry Kroto;
Richard Smalley | Peter C. Doherty;
Rolf M. Zinkernagel | Wisława Szymborska | Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo;
José Ramos-Horta | James Mirrlees;
William Vickrey |
| 1997 | Steven Chu;
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji;
William Daniel Phillips | Paul D. Boyer;
John E. Walker;
Jens Christian Skou | Stanley B. Prusiner | Dario Fo | International Campaign to Ban Landmines;
Jody Williams | Robert C. Merton;
Myron Scholes |
| 1998 | Robert B. Laughlin;
Horst Ludwig Störmer;
Daniel C. Tsui | Walter Kohn;
John Pople | Robert F. Furchgott;
Louis Ignarro;
Ferid Murad | José Saramago | John Hume;
David Trimble | Amartya Sen |
| 1999 | Gerard 't Hooft;
Martinus J. G. Veltman | Ahmed Zewail | Günter Blobel | Günter Grass | Médecins Sans Frontières | Robert Mundell |
| 2000 | Zhores Alferov;
Herbert Kroemer;
Jack Kilby | Alan J. Heeger;
Alan MacDiarmid;
Hideki Shirakawa | Arvid Carlsson;
Paul Greengard;
Eric Kandel | Gao Xingjian | Kim Dae-jung | James Heckman;
Daniel McFadden |
| 2001 | Eric Allin Cornell;
Wolfgang Ketterle;
Carl Wieman | William Standish Knowles;
Ryōji Noyori;
Karl Barry Sharpless | Leland H. Hartwell;
Tim Hunt;
Paul Nurse | V. S. Naipaul | United Nations;
Kofi Annan | George Akerlof;
Michael Spence;
Joseph Stiglitz |
| 2002 | Raymond Davis, Jr.;
Masatoshi Koshiba;
Riccardo Giacconi | John Fenn;
Koichi Tanaka;
Kurt Wüthrich | Sydney Brenner;
H. Robert Horvitz;
John Sulston | Imre Kertész | Jimmy Carter | Daniel Kahneman;
Vernon L. Smith |
| 2003 | Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov;
Vitaly Ginzburg;
Anthony James Leggett | Peter Agre;
Roderick MacKinnon | Paul Lauterbur;
Peter Mansfield | J. M. Coetzee | Shirin Ebadi | Robert F. Engle;
Clive Granger |
| 2004 | David Gross;
Hugh David Politzer;
Frank Wilczek | Aaron Ciechanover;
Avram Hershko;
Irwin Rose | Richard Axel;
Linda B. Buck | Elfriede Jelinek | Wangari Maathai | Finn E. Kydland;
Edward C. Prescott |
| 2005 | Roy J. Glauber;
John L. Hall;
Theodor W. Hänsch | Yves Chauvin;
Robert H. Grubbs;
Richard R. Schrock | Barry Marshall;
Robin Warren | Harold Pinter | International Atomic Energy Agency;
Mohamed ElBaradei | Robert Aumann;
Thomas Schelling |
| 2006 | John C. Mather;
George Smoot | Roger D. Kornberg | Andrew Fire;
Craig Mello | Orhan Pamuk | Muhammad Yunus;
Grameen Bank | Edmund Phelps |
| 2007 | Albert Fert;
Peter Grünberg | Gerhard Ertl | Mario Capecchi;
Martin Evans;
Oliver Smithies | Doris Lessing | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
Al Gore | Leonid Hurwicz;
Eric Maskin;
Roger Myerson |
| 2008 | Yoichiro Nambu;
Makoto Kobayashi;
Toshihide Maskawa | Osamu Shimomura;
Martin Chalfie;
Roger Y. Tsien | Harald zur Hausen;
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi;
Luc Montagnier | J. M. G. Le Clézio | Martti Ahtisaari | Paul Krugman |
| 2009 | Charles K. Kao;
Willard S. Boyle;
George E. Smith | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan;
Thomas A. Steitz;
Ada Yonath | Elizabeth Blackburn;
Carol W. Greider;
Jack W. Szostak | Herta Müller | Barack Obama | Elinor Ostrom;
Oliver E. Williamson |
| 2010 | Andre Geim;
Konstantin Novoselov | Richard Heck;
Ei-ichi Negishi;
Akira Suzuki | Robert G. Edwards | Mario Vargas Llosa | Liu Xiaobo[F] | Peter A. Diamond;
Dale T. Mortensen;
Christopher A. Pissarides |
| 2011 | Saul Perlmutter;
Adam G. Riess;
Brian P. Schmidt | Dan Shechtman | Bruce Beutler;
Jules A. Hoffmann;
Ralph M. Steinman | Tomas Tranströmer | Ellen Johnson Sirleaf;
Leymah Gbowee;
Tawakkul Karman | Thomas J. Sargent;
Christopher A. Sims |
| 2012 | Serge Haroche;
David J. Wineland | Robert J. Lefkowitz;
Brian K. Kobilka | Shinya Yamanaka | Mo Yan | Uni Eropa | Alvin E. Roth;
Lloyd S. Shapley |
| Tahun | Fisika | Kimia | Fisiologi dan Kedokteran | Sastra | Perdamaian | Ekonomi
sumber wikipedia.com |
|---|
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